With the rapid development of China's social economy and the upgrading of urban-rural integration construction, China's new rural construction has gradually developed towards smart agriculture, presenting a new atmosphere of comprehensive smart agriculture construction [1]. Smart agriculture is the process of fully applying the achievements of modern information technology to achieve intelligent management such as visualized remote diagnosis, remote control, and disaster warning in agriculture.

　　Smart agriculture is the abbreviation of intelligent agricultural expert systems, which is the specific practice and application of integrating science and technology into the field of agricultural development. Internet of Things technology is one of the core technologies of smart agriculture. The Internet of Things technology in "smart agriculture" can be divided into three types: sensor technology, information transmission technology, and information decision-making technology. Smart agriculture is the main trend of China's future agricultural development and the direction of future agricultural development. With the further development of information technology, Internet of Things technology will be applied on a larger scale.

　　With the rapid development of China's social economy and the upgrading of urban-rural integration construction, China's new rural construction has gradually developed towards smart agriculture, presenting a new atmosphere of comprehensive smart agriculture construction [1]. Smart agriculture is the process of fully applying the achievements of modern information technology to achieve intelligent management such as visualized remote diagnosis, remote control, and disaster warning in agriculture. Internet of Things technology is one of the core technologies of smart agriculture [2].

　　1 What is "smart agriculture"

　　Smart agriculture is the abbreviation of intelligent agricultural expert systems. It generally refers to the use of Internet of Things technology, "5S" technology, cloud computing technology, big data and other information technologies to achieve the digitalization, intelligence, low-carbonization, ecologization, and intensification of the "three rural" industries. It integrates existing agricultural infrastructure, communication equipment, and information facilities from space, organization, and management, enabling agriculture to achieve efficient, smart, intelligent, and refined harmonious development and sustainable ecological development. It is the specific practice and application of integrating science and technology into the field of agricultural development [3-5]. Specifically, Li Hui et al. [6] pointed out that smart agriculture uses modern computer technology and Internet methods and platforms, guided by expert experience and expert systems, to quantitatively simulate, process, and make decisions digitally, making the entire process of crop growth and production, supply, and sales intelligent, digital, and informational, achieving the goal of modernizing, scientizing, and intelligentizing agricultural information collection, processing, and evaluation and analysis. It is one of the future development directions of China's agriculture and one of the important measures to achieve agricultural modernization. On this basis, the construction of a smart agriculture theoretical system, structure, and application measures has been proposed [7].

　　2 What is the "Internet of Things"

　　The concept of the Internet of Things (IoT) was proposed in 1999. In 2005, the International Telecommunication Union (ITU) Internet report defined the Internet of Things as follows: through QR code reading devices, radio frequency identification (RFID) devices, infrared sensors, global positioning systems, and laser scanners and other information sensing equipment, according to agreed protocols, connecting any object to the Internet for information exchange and communication, to achieve intelligent identification, positioning, tracking, monitoring, and management of a network [8]. The Internet of Things is listed as one of China's five major emerging strategic industries. At present, Internet of Things technology has been widely used in the field of smart agriculture [9].

　　3 Current Status of Internet of Things Technology Application in Agriculture

　　Now, network technology has left the phenomenon of being exclusively enjoyed by cities and has gradually entered towns and villages. In some more developed towns and villages in China, fiber optic networks have appeared, and network television has gradually entered households, basically achieving the popularization of network technology. The popularization of network technology has laid a technological foundation for the development of smart agriculture in China, providing the public with good sales channels for agricultural products and data information for agricultural product research, further improving the efficiency of agricultural production. At the same time, it has also helped the vast number of farmers solve the problem of difficulty in selling agricultural products, which is conducive to helping farmers increase their income [10].

　　Currently, the Internet of Things technology in "smart agriculture" can be divided into three types: sensor technology, information transmission technology, and information decision-making technology.

　　3.1 Sensor Technology

　　Sensor technology used in agriculture is the technological foundation and guarantee of "smart agriculture", which realizes the immediate collection, recording, and transmission of information, making agricultural equipment and machinery intelligent. Currently, the sensor technologies that are being focused on and invested in include: MEMS microsensor technology, fiber optic sensor technology, hyperspectral detection and analysis technology, and bionic sensor technology, etc. [11]. These sensor technologies can realize data acquisition, monitoring, and transmission of the entire chain of "smart agriculture". In the pre-production stage, comprehensive data acquisition and comparison are carried out on the agricultural environment and seedling selection. For example, detecting the concentration of O2, CO2, CH4, C2H4, etc. in the air and greenhouse gases, monitoring soil temperature, humidity, moisture, fertility, etc., ensuring that environmental conditions reach the optimal state for planting, breeding, and cultivation, and using GPS navigation for precision sowing and precise field management; in the mid-production stage, using RFID (radio frequency identification), GIS (geographic information system), GPS (global positioning system) and other technologies, all-weather, real-time feedback, analysis, and recording of information and data on the growth status of animals and plants, activity location, disease warning, treatment and monitoring, disaster warning and prevention, etc.; in the post-production stage, continuous data acquisition is carried out on the picking, harvesting, slaughtering, processing, etc., providing information for the subsequent sales and transaction chain [12].

　　It can be said that sensor technology is the most crucial factor in the digitalization, precision, and intelligence of "smart agriculture".

　　3.2 Information Transmission Technology

　　The maturity and expansion of sensor technology depend on stable information transmission technology. Currently, wireless sensor network (WSN) technology is widely used in "smart agriculture". WSN technology integrates the physical world and the information world, taking data as the center, realizing a new interaction between things and things, and between things and people. Sensor networks usually consist of a large number of resource-constrained nodes randomly deployed in the sensing area. These nodes form a wireless network in a self-organizing manner, and cooperatively sense, collect, and process specific information in the network coverage area. Observers can collect, process, and analyze data at any location at any time [13].

　　3.3 Information Processing Technology

　　Information processing technology is the final link of Internet of Things technology and the basis for the automatic control of smart agriculture. The technologies used include cloud computing, decision support systems, expert systems, geographic information systems, intelligent control technology, etc. [14].

　　3.3.1 Cloud Computing

　　Cloud computing refers to distributing computing tasks on a resource pool, enabling application systems to obtain storage space and software services as needed. In the face of a large amount of data in smart agriculture, cloud computing can realize the distributed sharing of information storage resources and computing power, and the super powerful information processing capability can provide support for the processing of a large amount of information [15].

　　In recent years, China has begun to apply cloud computing to agricultural production and has conducted research on its application in related agricultural fields. Currently, agricultural cloud experience platforms include agricultural information intelligent search and service platforms and green cloud grid platforms. Through these two platforms, accurate acquisition and analysis of agricultural market information and practical technologies can be realized, providing personalized retrieval for agricultural administrative departments, enterprises, and individual farmers, and providing comprehensive remote management services for agricultural production environments [16-20].

　　3.3.2 Decision Support Systems

　　Decision support systems use human-computer interaction for semi-structured or unstructured decision-making. Agricultural decision support systems have been widely applied in research on agricultural water-saving irrigation optimization, large-scale poultry farm management, wheat cultivation, feed formulation optimization design, agricultural mechanization information management, and soil information system management [21]. Agricultural decision support systems can analyze and simulate local agricultural production processes, predict the effects and benefits of different decision-making schemes, and thus optimize agricultural production decisions. Currently, decision support system technology is widely used in agricultural structural optimization, yield prediction and potential analysis, and determination of agricultural investment scale [22].

　　3.3.3 Expert Systems

　　Expert systems simulate human experts in solving various complex practical problems, possessing the same problem-solving capabilities as experts. Based on the knowledge and experience accumulated by agricultural experts over many years, this system analyzes and judges agricultural problems that need to be solved, proposes decisions, and enables computers to play the role of human agricultural experts in agricultural production [19]. For example, the application of expert systems in the prevention and control of diseases and insect pests in pickled vegetables provides a platform for information exchange on diseases and insect pests for farmers and scientific and technological personnel, providing scientific guidance on disease and insect pest prevention and control for vegetable farmers, which has significant practical significance [20].

　　3.3.4 Geographic Information Systems

　　Geographic information systems are mainly used to establish spatial information databases of natural conditions, production conditions, soil data, crop pest and disease trends, and crop yields, providing decision-making schemes for analyzing differences and implementing control [17]. Using geographic information systems for soil suitability evaluation involves integrating land data such as soil texture, type, nitrogen, phosphorus, and potassium content, and organic matter content, assigning weights, performing analysis and calculations, generating soil suitability evaluation maps, and establishing mathematical models to achieve land suitability classification [18].

　　3.3.5 Intelligent Control Technology

　　Intelligent control technology is mainly used to solve complex problems that cannot be easily solved by traditional methods. Current research directions in intelligent control technology include neural network control, fuzzy control, and integrated intelligent control technology, and have been initially applied in facility horticulture, field planting, and livestock and poultry farming [22].

　　4 Outlook

　　Smart agriculture is the main trend and future direction of agricultural development in China. With the further development of information technology, the Internet of Things technology will be more widely applied. Currently, we can already see that the Internet of Things technology brings more intelligence and information to smart agriculture. What needs to be done now is to enhance the independent innovation capabilities of agricultural Internet of Things, accelerate the development of low-cost, high-reliability, and long-life sensors, strengthen the application research of new wireless transmission technologies such as Zig-Bee technology in agriculture, improve the practicality and reliability of intelligent decision-making systems, and accelerate the pace of technology research and development and application through breakthroughs in single technologies and the combined application of multiple technologies, so that Internet of Things-based smart agriculture can be widely used in rural areas. This is the trend and goal of China's future agriculture [14]. In the future, the Internet of Things will surely bring more "wisdom" to agriculture.

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